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Avenue plantations enhance the aesthetic appeal of the surroundings while providing shade and shelter to the pedestrians and vehicles. However, like any other plantations, avenue plantations are prone to various pest attacks, which can cause severe damage to the plants and reduce their lifespan. Traditional pesticides have been the go-to solution for pest control, but

Introduction Forestry is an essential part of our ecosystem, providing habitat, clean air, water, and natural resources. However, pests and diseases pose a significant threat to forest health, leading to substantial economic losses and environmental damage. Pest management is, therefore, crucial to maintain the health and productivity of forests. However, the use of conventional pesticides

Introduction Downy mildew is a common fungal disease that affects horticulture and floriculture crops. It is caused by various species of the Oomycetes class of fungi, and it thrives in cool, damp conditions. Downy mildew can cause significant crop damage, leading to yield losses and economic losses for growers. Chemical pesticides have traditionally been used

Fungal and bacterial pathogens tend to cause severe losses to farm not just economically but also to human and environmental health. It can develop the risks of developing strong pesticide resistance. However, using biopesticides instead of chemical pesticides would be beneficial in long term to control these fungal and bacterial pathogens.  Biopesticides are defoliants derived